One final note on the info dump - we can identify crucial information about each card based on the zeroth block of the zeroth sector, known as the manufacturer data. Additionally, the NXP document goes into the details of the relationship between keys and access bits, however, we will not spend time on that as it can get quite complex. From our serial printout, the Key B for our tag sectors are FF FF FF FF FF FF, which is somewhat of a manufacturer default for classic MIFARE tags. There are a few more pieces of information contained in the chart above that we can use to comprehend the output from the Arduino serial monitor. Using an Arduino board, a common RFID reader (MFRC522), and a few RFID tags/cards, we will be exploring methods for reading and writing RFID information in an attempt to understand how RFID communication works and identify the limits of the technology with Arduino. In this tutorial series, passive, high frequency (13.56 MHz) RFID tags are the focus, as they are very compact, inexpensive, and require no external battery power. The radio frequencies used in RFID can range from low frequency (124 kHz+) to ultra high frequency (900 MHz - 2.4 GHz), depending on the application. Passive RFID tags are most commonly used for building and security access, shipment tracking, and inventory monitoring while active tags are used for road tolls and asset tracking in larger spaces across longer distances. RFID tags can be active or passive, meaning they either require external power (active) or are powered by the reader upon scanning (passive). The RFID tags have unique identifiers (UIDs) that allow for identification by the reader via the database. Most often, RFID systems consist of one or multiple RF tags, an RF reader, and a database. Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a widely used technology developed for storing and retrieving information in radio frequency-enabled devices.
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